1. Introduction

Youth homelessness is a growing concern in the UK and worldwide. Thousands of young people find themselves without a stable home each year, often due to circumstances beyond their control. Understanding the root causes of youth homelessness is essential for developing effective solutions and prevention strategies.

This report examines the key factors contributing to youth homelessness, categorising them into personal, structural, and systemic causes. It highlights how different factors interact, leading to housing instability among young people.

2. Key Causes of Youth Homelessness

Youth homelessness is rarely caused by a single factor. Instead, multiple issues—ranging from family conflict to systemic failures—combine to push young people into homelessness. These causes can be grouped into three broad categories:

1. Personal and Family-Related Causes
2. Economic and Structural Causes
3. Systemic and Institutional Failures

Each of these categories is explored in detail below.

3. Personal and Family-Related Causes

The majority of youth homelessness cases originate from personal or family-related circumstances. These include family breakdown, abuse, mental health struggles, and substance misuse.

3.1 Family Breakdown and Relationship Conflict

• One of the most common reasons for youth homelessness.
• Many young people are forced to leave home due to ongoing arguments, neglect, or rejection.
• A significant number of cases involve stepfamilies, where tensions between new family members contribute to instability.

Specific situations include:

• Parents asking their child to leave due to disagreements.
• Young people leaving due to severe conflict or lack of emotional support.
• Breakdown of relationships with step-parents, leading to displacement.

3.2 Domestic Abuse and Violence

• Many young people leave home to escape physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.
• Witnessing domestic violence between parents can also force young people to flee.
• Some young people, particularly girls, become homeless after forced marriages or honour-based abuse.

3.3 LGBTQ+ Rejection

• LGBTQ+ youth face a higher risk of homelessness due to family rejection.
• Many are forced out of their homes or leave due to an unwelcoming or unsafe environment.
• Transgender youth face additional barriers due to discrimination in housing and support services.

3.4 Mental Health Issues

• Many young people experiencing homelessness have underlying mental health conditions.
• Depression, anxiety, PTSD, and schizophrenia can lead to homelessness due to relationship breakdowns or an inability to manage responsibilities.
• The lack of early intervention for mental health issues can push young people into crisis.

3.5 Substance Abuse

• Some young people struggle with addiction, which can lead to homelessness due to family conflict, financial difficulties, or legal issues.
• Others develop substance abuse issues after becoming homeless as a way to cope with stress and trauma.
• Support services for young people with addictions are often underfunded and difficult to access.

4. Economic and Structural Causes

Financial hardship and housing instability are major contributors to youth homelessness. Many young people struggle to find affordable accommodation, secure employment, or access benefits.

4.1 Poverty and Financial Instability

• Many young people come from low-income families that struggle to provide stable housing.
• Financial stress can increase family tensions, leading to young people being forced to leave.
• Those in low-paid or insecure jobs often struggle to afford rent, pushing them into homelessness.

4.2 Lack of Affordable Housing

• The UK has a severe shortage of affordable housing, making it difficult for young people to secure stable accommodation.
• Private rentals require large deposits and guarantors, which many young people lack.
• Young people under 25 receive less financial support from Housing Benefit, making independent living more difficult.

4.3 Employment Barriers

• Many young people lack qualifications or work experience, making it hard to secure stable employment.
• The rise of zero-hour contracts and insecure jobs means many cannot afford rent even when employed.
• Those in work often struggle with delayed payments of benefits like Universal Credit, which can lead to arrears and eviction.

4.4 Debt and Financial Mismanagement

• Many young people become homeless due to rent arrears or debt.
• Some take out loans or credit they cannot repay, leading to financial crises.
• Poor financial literacy means many do not know how to budget or manage money effectively.

5. Systemic and Institutional Failures

Government policies and systemic failures often contribute to youth homelessness. Gaps in social services, education, and the justice system leave many young people without support.

5.1 Leaving the Care System

• Care leavers are one of the most at-risk groups for homelessness.
• Many are placed in temporary accommodation or hostels, which do not offer long-term stability.
• A lack of life skills, financial support, and emotional guidance makes it difficult for care leavers to maintain housing.

5.2 Inadequate Social Support Services

• Many young people do not qualify for housing support until they become officially homeless, meaning prevention services are often too late.
• Cuts to social services and youth programmes mean fewer resources are available for at-risk young people.
• Support services often require young people to navigate complex bureaucratic systems, making it difficult to access help.

5.3 Criminalisation and the Justice System

• Young people involved in crime or leaving youth detention often struggle to find housing.
• Many landlords refuse to rent to those with a criminal record.
• Those exiting prison or youth offending institutions frequently have no support network, leading to homelessness.

5.4 Gaps in Education and Skills Development

• Many young people who become homeless left school early or had poor educational experiences.
• A lack of qualifications and vocational skills makes it harder to secure stable employment.
• Some homeless young people face learning disabilities or special educational needs, which were not properly supported in school.

6. The Interconnected Nature of Causes

The causes of youth homelessness are often interconnected, with multiple factors combining to push a young person into homelessness. For example:

• A young person might leave care, struggle with mental health issues, and struggle to find employment, leading to homelessness.
• Family breakdown due to poverty and domestic violence can force a young person to leave home, but their lack of education prevents them from securing housing.

Addressing youth homelessness requires recognising how these causes interact and ensuring multi-faceted solutions are in place.

7. Conclusion and Recommendations

Understanding the root causes of youth homelessness is key to developing effective prevention and intervention strategies. While personal and family-related factors often trigger homelessness, structural and systemic barriers make it difficult for young people to escape housing instability.

Key Recommendations:

1. Strengthen Family Support Services
   • Provide early intervention and mediation services for young people and families.
   • Increase mental health support for young people at risk of homelessness.
2. Expand Affordable Housing Options
   • Develop more social housing for young people.
   • Increase housing benefits for under-25s to match living costs.
3. Improve Support for Care Leavers
   • Ensure every care leaver has stable housing upon leaving care.
   • Provide additional life skills and financial management training.
4. Increase Employment and Education Opportunities
   • Develop apprenticeships and job programmes targeted at homeless youth.
   • Improve access to free vocational training.
5. Enhance Social and Mental Health Services
   • Increase funding for youth-specific mental health and addiction services.
   • Ensure all homeless young people receive case-by-case support.

By tackling these causes head-on, the UK can work towards reducing youth homelessness and providing vulnerable young people with the stability they deserve.